AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY

AUTHORITY

Definition

The authority is the power gain validity or legitimacy
The authority is the moral right to make and implement policy decisions
Moral principle - to determine who is entitled to govern
- Regulate the manner and procedures implementing authority

A nation or state has the objective

Activities to achieve the objectives referred to the task
Moral right to carry out activities achieve the objectives referred to the authority
Duties and authority to achieve the goal of society or the state called function

Sources of authority
1. Tradition - family or blue blood
2. The power of the sacred as God, Gods and revelation as royal
3. Personal qualities such as athletes, artists
4. The laws and regulations governing the procedures and requirements to become a leader
5. Instrumental ie wealth and expertise in science and technology

Type of authority

1. The authority is derived from the procedural legislation
2. The authority that is substantially derived from tradition, the power of the sacred, personal qualities and instrumental

Every society must have used two types of authority is only the one used as the primary and the other as complementary

Transitional authority
a. Hereditary - descendant or family
b. Selection - direct or representative
c. Coercion - the revolution, coup or the threat of violence.

Attitudes toward authority
1) Accept
2) Questioning (skeptical)
3) Refuse
4) Combination

LEGITIMACY

Definition

Recognition and acceptance of the community to the leader to govern, create and implement political decisions.

Equality of power, authority and legitimacy because they are related to the relationship between the leader and the led or community.

The difference of power is the use of sources of power to influence political policy makers and implementers, while authority is moral right to make and implement policy decisions (top down), while legitimacy is the recognition and acceptance of the leader (bottom-up)

Objects legitimacy

1. Political Society - identity crisis
2. The law - constitutional crisis
3. The political institutions - institutional crisis
4. The political leaders - a crisis of leadership
5. policy - policy crisis

This crisis occurred in a sequence when it reaches the crisis had passed, the actual policies of an identity crisis, a constitutional crisis, institutional crisis and a crisis of leadership. So if everything is in crisis it is called a crisis of legitimacy.

Levels of legitimacy

    pre legitimacy, in the newly formed government are believed to have authority but some groups of people do not recognize it
    legitimate, that is, when the government can convince the public and the community accept and acknowledge it.
    There is legitimate, when the leader or the government failed to gain recognition from society but the leaders refused to resign, finally appears not legitimate. To maintain its authority normally used violent means.
    Post legitimacy, ie when the basic legitimacy has changed.

How to get legitimacy

1. Symbolic, namely the tendency to manipulate the moral, emotional, traditions, beliefs performed ritualistic as a state ceremony, parade of soldiers or award.
2. material / instumental are promising and provide the basic needs of the community (basic needs) such as food, education, health etc.
3. The election to choose a person or a referendum to determine public policy.

Type legitimacy

    Traditional - a tradition that is maintained and institutionalized examples of royal
    ideology - the interpreter and executor of ideology, to gain and maintain legitimacy for authority also exclude others membangkan against authority.
    personal qualities - charisma, personal appearance, or achievement
    procedural - legislation
    instrumental - promise and guarantee the material welfare.

Leaders who gain legitimacy based on traditional principles, ideology and personal qualities using symbolic methods. While the leaders of the results of the principle of procedural and instrumental methods of procedural and instrumental methods.

Benefits legitimacy

    creating political stability and social change
    resolve problems faster
    reduce the use of physical violence suggestions
    expand the field of welfare or improving the welfare kualita

The crisis of legitimacy

    transitional authority principle
    keen competition and unhealthy
    the government did not fulfill its promise
    socialization authority changed

comes the disappointment and anxiety that lead to a crisis of legitimacy.

POLITICAL POWER AND INFLUENCE

Material Class Introduction to Political Science
Power is a symptom that is always present in the political process
Politics without power is like religion without moral because it is so much to do between them.

Concepts related to power

- Influence or influence, namely bagimana someone is able to influence other people to voluntarily change.
- Persuasion is the way to convince people to give arguments
- Manipulation is the ability to influence others, but that dipengaurhi not realize
- Coersion is a threat or coercion in order to conform to the will of others who have power.
- Force that physical stress, such as restricting freedom. It is usually equipped with a weapon, so that other people experience fear.

So power is what?

Power is the ability to use a source of influence to affect the process of political decision-making and implementation and thus benefit himself, his group or society in general.

Power element consists of;

    The Purpose
    Way
    The Results

Therefore, in order to power it needs to be understood not misinterpreted the meaning of power, namely:

1. Power is the relationship between human
2. Holders of power has the ability to influence others
3. Holders of power can be an individual, group, organization or government
4. Target power can be an individual, group, organization or government
5. The Parties which have not necessarily had the power source of power, depends on its ability to use the power source.
6. Use of the power source can be by force, or a combination of keduanaya consensus.
7. Power can have a good aim or too bad
8. Relatedly power distribution
9. The power is used for the general public
10. Sources of influence used influence the political process

So the power not only of force or violence or manipulation but can also consensus and willingness

Power must be seen from the complementarity dimensions, namely:

a. Potential - the actual meaning when the power source is not used then it is still potential when it is used then it's actual.
b. Positive - Negative means power is to achieve a specific goal (positive) or to prevent others (negative)
c. Consensus - coercive power could be awareness and approval (consensus) can also with fear (coercion) as phobia physical, economic and psychological.
d. Position - personal, power in modern society is power because of the position while, when the personal power for one's personal qualities.
e. Implicit - explicit power by naked eye can not be felt or perceived
f. Direct - indirect, meaning how much the effectiveness of power.

So power is usually associated with;
- How executed
- How distributed
- Why would anyone have more power than others

Consisting of a power source;

1. Means of physical coercion as a weapon, technology etc.
2. wealth such as money, land, bankers, businessmen, etc.
3. Normative such as religious leaders, chiefs or government recognized.
4. The personal popularity, like a movie star, football player.
5. The office skills such as knowledge, technology, skills.
6. mass organized as labor organizations, farmers, teachers, etc.
7. information such as the press has the ability to shape public opinion.

Power source must also be equipped with

    time and skills
    interest and attention

Four this be supporting someone who has the power source becomes ruler. Because power tends to breed

Power source can be used for two things:

a. Non-political as for business, shopping, etc. aid.
b. Mempegaruhi political process with the following requirements:
- Strong motivation to achieve goals
- Have hope to succeed
- Have perceptions of the costs and risks
- Have knowledge about how to achieve it.

The result of the use of power sources can be seen from:

1- The number of individuals who are controlled
2- Field controlled life
3- The depth of the influence of power

Power should be distributed in a way;

Elite Model commanding
- pluralist model
- Model populist