intercultural communication

Intercultural communication is the communication that occurs between people who have different cultures (can be different racial, ethnic, or socioeconomic, or a combination of all these differences). Culture is a way of life that developed and adopted by a group of people and lasted from generation to generation (Tubbs, Moss: 1996).
Intercultural communication has its roots in the language (especially sociolinguistics), sociology, cultural anthropology, and psychology. Of the four disciplines, psychology becomes the main reference disciplines of cross-cultural communication, especially cross-cultural psychology. The growth of cross-cultural communication in the business world has a prominent place, especially companies - companies which are expanding to markets outside the country in fact the country - a country he was going to have a variety of cultures.
In addition, more and more people are traveling abroad with diverse interests ranging from a business trip, vacation, for further education, either temporary or for the purpose of settling selamanya.Satelit communication has brought the world become closer, we can see a variety of events that occurred in different parts of the world, either through television screens, newspapers, magazines, and online media. Through communication and information technologies, geographical distance is not an obstacle anymore us to see the various events that occur in the world.
McLuhan (in Infante et.al, 1990: 371) states that the world today has become a "Global Village" which we know the people and events that occur in other countries is almost the same as any citizen in a small village into a neighboring state - state social lainnya.Perubahan is another influential in intercultural communication is the increasing number of celebration - a celebration of ethnic culture in a country. Cultural differences in a country creates diversity of experience, values, and ways of viewing the world. Diversity creates a pattern - the same pattern of communication among members - members who have similar backgrounds and influences communication between members - members of regional and ethnic berbeda.Perusahaan - companies that have branches abroad, of course, is a necessary condition for its employees to have a sufficient stock of knowledge about the situation and cultural conditions that will be facing (intercultural competence), wrong - wrong if they fail to communicate with the culture that it faces, the company will only survive within a period not too long. Gudykunst and Kim (2003: 17) conceptualize fenmena intercultural communication as "...

a transactional, symbolic process that includes linkages between individuals from different cultural backgrounds. "The key word is process. In the discourse of the Swedish term kulturmöte (literally cultural encounter) is often interpreted in several allusions (or disagreement) between cultures (such as, in the literature, communication styles, management styles, customs, and value orientation). However, some regular meeting analyzed without considering the character of the process. Intercultural communication should be, can be viewed and analyzed as a complex process, not just a meeting. Furthermore, cross-cultural communication, by several social scientists seen as an academic discipline - the data is said, one branch of science communication, anchored in the characteristics of ontology, epistemology and assumptions - assumptions aksilogi. At the same time, cross-cultural communication is a scope of studies related to various condition [lin other sciences (such as psychology, social psychology, sociology, education, media studies, cultural anthropology and management). For science - the science, cross-cultural communication is seen as an object of study or a problem in the field of disciplines - the science [1]. Damen [2] (1987: 23) defines communication intercultural communication as "action - communication actions undertaken by individuals - individuals who identified with the group - a group that displays the variation between groups in the form of social and cultural exchange. Exchange form, individual expression, is variable - the main variables in goals, manners, means, and meaning - the meaning of which the communicative process effect.
Intercultural communication, Lustig and Koester's stated (2003: 49-51), is a "symbolic process in which people of culture - different cultures mneciptakan exchange of meaning - meaning". This happens "when differences - cultural differences are large and important to create interpretations and hope - hope that is not the same as to how to communicate well". Jandt (2004: 4) says intercultural communication not only between individuals but also personal communication between "groups - groups with cultural identification spread '. In short, cross-cultural communication describes the interaction between individuals and groups - groups that have different perceptions in communication behavior and differences in interpretation. Several studies on intercultural communication test what happens in contact and interaction between cultures when the communication process includes people - people who are culturally dispersed (Samovar & Porter 1997). A similar problems in intercultural communication arises "when people - people who describes himself as a nation and ethnic groups equally unwilling to make the exchange of ideas - ideas on how to show their identity and do not approve of norms - norms for interaction" (Collier 1997: 43). To achieve effective intercultural communication, individuals should develop intercultural competence; refers to the skills required to achieve effective intercultural communication Jandt (1998, 2004) identified four skills as part of intercultural competence, namely the strength of personality, communication skills, psychological adjustment and cultural awareness.

There is little doubt that intercultural competence is a very important thing at this time. Newcomers while collectively referred to as sojourners or we are familiar with the term expatriates, ie a group of strangers (stranger) who live in a country that has a different cultural background to the country where they berasal.Oberg (1960) uses the term sojourners to indicate trouble - difficulties arising from the opening of an unknown environment. Difficulties experienced by sojourners are not the same. Some key variables include the distance between the culture in which they originated with the indigenous culture of the place, the type of involvement, length of exposure, and the status of immigrants in a country (cf. Bochner, 1982) Based on the results of several studies suggest that living in someone else's country does not automatically lead to the positive attitude towards the country. Evidence in research often appears that negative compared to positive during the stay in another country, at least among students (Stroeb, Lenkert, & Jonas, 1988)

Intercultural Communication Objectives are:

• Understanding cultural differences affect communication practices
• Communicating between people of different cultures
• Identify difficulties - difficulties that arise in communication
• Helping to overcome problems caused by cultural differences comunication
• Improving skills in verbal and non-verbal communication
• Make us able to communicate effectively 

There are several reasons why the need for cross-cultural communication, among others: a) open to expand relationships; b) increase self-awareness; c) ethics / ethical; d) promote peace and reduce conflicts; e) demographics; f) economy; g) face communication technology; and h) the era of globalization. (Alo Liliweri, 2003). Intercultural communication by Samovar and Porter is communication between people of different cultures, for example race, ethnicity, and race, or social class. Intercultural communication can be done by negotiation, exchange symbol, as supervisor of cultural behavior, to indicate the function of a group. With an understanding of intercultural communication and how communication can be done, then we can see how communication can bring peace and reduce conflict in the midst of society. With intense communication we can understand the root causes of a conflict, limit and reduce misunderstandings, communication can reduce the escalation of social conflict. According to Charles E Snare that efforts to reduce conflict and promote peace depends on how we define the situation of others so that we can achieve peace and cooperation. In many cases political E Snare said "We need to understand how the location of the reference frame of the political actors and where they come from the mind".
So clearly by studying intercultural communication means we studied (including appeal) each ethnic habits, customs, religion, geography and social class in our society. With this understanding we communicate these differences in intercultural communication, in order to resolve the conflict through dialogue both among others, with the identification of cultural perspectives.Intercultural Communication Itself

EnculturationEnculturation refers to the process by which culture is transmitted from one generation to the next. We study the culture, not inherited. Culture is transmitted through a learning process, not through genes. Parents, groups, friends, schools, religious institutions all, and government agencies are the primary teachers in the field of culture. Enculturation occur through them.
AcculturationAcculturation refers to the process whereby a person's culture is modified through direct contact or exposure to other cultures. For example, when a group of immigrants settled in the US emudian (host culture), their own culture will be affected by this host culture. Gradually, values, ways of behaving, as well as the confidence of the host culture will become part of the culture of the immigrant group. At the same time, the culture of the host changes, too
Intercultural Communication Functions
Private FunctionPrivate functions are functions komuniasi shown through communication behaviors derived from an individual.

• State Social IdentityIn the process of intercultural communication are some of the communication behavior of individualswhich is used to express social identity perlikau it expressed throughactions speak both verbally and nonverbally. Of language behavior that isknowable and social identity, for example, it is known originsethnicity, religion, and education level of a person.
• State Social IntegrationThe core concept of social integration is receiving interpersonal unity,between groups but still recognizes the differences held by eachelement. It should be understood that one of the goals of communication is to give meaningThe same for the message shared between the communicator and the communicant. In the case ofintercultural communication involving cultural differences between communicators withcommunicant, the social integration is the main goal of communication. And principlesmain in the process of intercultural communication message exchange are: Itreat you as you treat your culture and notas I want. Thus communicators and communicant canpromote social integration on their relationship.
• Adding KnowledgeOften the interpersonal and intercultural communication increase knowledgetogether, learn their culture.
• Removing Yourself or ExitSometimes we communicate with others to escape orlooking for a solution to the problem that we are facing. Communication optionsuch that we call communication function creates relationshipscomplementary and symmetrical relationships.
Complementary relationship is always done by the two parties have perlakudifferent. A person's behavior serves as a stimulus complementary behavior ofanother. In a complementary relationship, the difference between the two partiesmaximized. Instead relationships symmetrical done by two people whoreflect on the behavior of each other. The behavior of the people is reflected in thethe behavior of others.
Social Functions
• SupervisionThe first is the social function is oversight. The practice of intercultural communication between the communicator and the communicant who berbada culture of mutual monitoring function. In any process of intercultural communication this function useful to inform the "development" of the environment. This function is mostly done by the mass media routinely menyebarlusakan developmental events that happen around us even though it happened in a different cultural context.
• BridgingIn the process of intercultural communication, the communication functions performed between two people of different cultures it is a bridge over the differences between them. The bridging function can be controlled through the messages they exchanged, the two are explaining the differences of interpretation on a message so as to produce the same meaning. This function is carried out also by the various contexts of communication, including communication.
• Socialization ValueSocialization function is a function to teach and introduce the values ​​of the culture of a community to other communities.

• EntertainEntertaining functions also often appear in the process of intercultural communication. For example, watching a hula dance and "Hawaian" in a city park located in front of Zaw Honolulu, Honolulu Hawaiian. The entertainment included in the category of intercultural entertainment.

Principles of Intercultural personal communication

• (presence of cultural groups as the highest nobles))it is seen from the gap pemlihan candidate for governor whorequires of blue blood descendants.
• Language RelativityThe general idea that language influences thought and perlkau at mostvoiced by the anthropological linguistics. In the late 1920s andthroughout the 1930s, formulated that influence the characteristics of the languageour cognitive processes. And because of the languages ​​of the world are very different interms of semantic and structural characteristics, it seems reasonable to saythat people who use different languages ​​will also differ in the waythey perceive and think about the world.
• Language as Cultural MirrorLanguage reflects culture. The greater the cultural differences, the differencesboth language and communication in nonverbal cues. The greaterdifferences between cultures (and, hence, the greater the difference in communication), thedilakukan.Kesulitan difficult communication can lead to, for example, moremany communication errors, more mistakes sentences, greaterpossibility of misunderstanding, the more wrong perception, and the more piecescompass (bypassing).
• Reduce UncertaintyThe greater the differences between cultures, the greater the uncertainty dam ambiguityin communication. Many of communication we try to reduce uncertaintythis so that we can better decipher, predict, and explainbehavior of others. Because letidak-pasrtian and this greater ambiguity,required more time and effort to reduce uncertainty and tocommunicate more meaningful.
• Self-Awareness and Intercultural Differences [5]The greater the differences between cultures, greater self-awareness (mindfulness) theparticipants during communication. It has positive and negative consequences.Positive, self-awareness is perhaps makes us more alert. This preventswe say things that may seem insensitive or inappropriate.Downside, it makes us overly cautious, not spontaneous, and lessself confidence.
• Early Interaction and Intercultural DifferencesDifferences between cultures is especially important in the initial interaction and graduallyreduced level of importance when the relationship becomes more intimate. Even Thoughwe always face the possibility of misunderstandings and wrong to judge others,This possibility is especially great in situations of intercultural communication.

• Maximizing Results InteractionIn intercultural communication - as in all communication - we are tryingmaximizing the results of the interaction. Three consequences are discussed by Sunnafrank(1989) suggests important implications for intercultural communication. As Aexample, people will berintraksi with other people who they thought wouldgive positive results. Because of intercultural communication was difficult, you mayavoid it. Thus, for example, you would choose to talk with colleaguesclass that much resemblance to you than people who are very different.Secondly, if we get a positive result, we continue to engage andimprove our communication. When we obtain a negative result, we beginwithdraw and reduce communication.Third, we mebuat predictions about where we are going to produce behaviorpositive results. in communication, you try to predict the outcome of, for example,choice of topics, posisisi you take, you show nonverbal behavior,and so on. [5] you then do what you think will givepositive results and trying not conducting what do you think will givenegative results.
List of ReferencesStewart L. Tubbs and Sylvia Moss. Human Communication: Communication contexts. 1996. Bandung. Teens Rosdakarya. P. 236-238Andric Purwasito. Multicultural Communication. 2003. Surakarta. Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. P. 123Fred E. Jandt. Intercultural Communication, An Introduction. 1998. London. Sage Publication. P. 36Alo Liliweri. Basics of Intercultural Communication. 2003. Yogyakarta. Student Library. P. 11-12,36-42Joseph A. DeVito. Human communication. Basic Courses. Jakarta. Professional Books. P. 479-488http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikasi_antarbudaya